The Cuban education, has focused his interest in science education, more seasoned in the art with humanistic and utilitarian purposes, without losing sight, rather focusing on them, the formation of a man who responds to his time as the most legitimate interests of his country, who is willing to transcendence, which is also inherent to human nature.
From the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, education in the Seminary of San Carlos and San Ambrosio, (1773), and in private schools Cubans, focused on teaching thinking. The cognitive area was of great interest and progress in teaching compared to prevailing rote method.
Felix Varela Morales (1788-1853), at first declared: "man is-where-ignorant vicious. Directly will be more passionate when it becomes more accurate thinker."
The son of a Spanish soldier, Varela at age six he moved with his family to Florida, which at that time was under Spanish rule. There he attended the first lesson. In 1801 he returned to Havana, where, the following year, he entered the Seminary of San Carlos and San Ambrosio. In 1806 obtained the degree of Bachelor of Theology and became a monk. He received the sub diaconate diaconate in 1809 and in 1810. That same year he graduated BA in Theology. In 1811 he made opposition to the chair of Latinity and Rhetoric and Philosophy at the San Carlos Seminary. Got it after brilliant odds and exercises and could perform it because of a waiver granted by the old Bishop Espada. Also in 1811 he was ordained priest.
From then until 1816 and deployed an intense work as orator. Although, according to the testimony of Jose de la Luz y Caballero, mastered Latin as their language, renewed teaching time using Spanish in their classes and books, which left the reigning scholasticism in philosophy and introduced eclectic experimentation in the study of science. In 1817 he was admitted as a full member of the Royal Economic Society, which later gave him the title of member of Merit.
The priest Felix Varela Morales was one of the disciples of the Seminary San Carlo and San Ambrosio. There he was taught the Father Agustin Caballero (1762-1835), the precursor of the Cuban philosophy and ideals established with the front scholasticism transition between traditional and philosophical reform, which continued after Varela, mainly based on Cartesian rationalism . This illustrious thinker in turn has the merit of being one of the first representatives of separatist and abolitionist ideas in Cuba. Their Christian devotion, his unfailing kindness, his clear talent and vigorous personality marked a new direction in education and in the destiny of Cuba.
So, the years between 1811 and 1830, can be labeled Varela period.
Luz y Caballero said Varela was the man who taught us to think first. We can add: Luz taught us to know, and Marti, based on that tradition, and his genius, to act. On these grounds Fidel Castro has taught and continues to teach us, to overcome. Thinking, knowing and acting in the interests of the poor and of all humanity.
Development:
The pedagogical ideas.
Varela is said in that initial period (1881-1822), the formation of educational theory to teach students from the early years, will become the essential law of education advocated.
Among the values that had to be developed was the caution, gratitude, kindness, charity, compassion, wisdom, joy, justice, fortitude.
Varela outlined best-instructional educational system and was focused on the moral formation of youth. This wrote letters to Elpidio (1835-1836), a kind of unconventional educational work aimed at the Cuban youth, which he described as "the sweet hope of the motherland".
One of the most important works of the vareliana production began publishing in exile Yorker, in 1835, with the name of Letters to Elpidio. According to the original plan of the work, would consist of three volumes. The first, published in the year cited was about the wickedness, the second, published three years later, he referred to superstition, and the third, which was never published, would fanaticism. since the time it appeared the work many questioned about who would be the recipient of the Letters. Some thought they were directed to light, but the fact that he wrote assiduously and Luz did an extensive review of the work, refutes this idea. The most acceptable theory is that it is a character created by the imagination of Varela, as a symbol that reflects the youth of Cuba. Etymologically, Elpidio means hope and, at the beginning of the play, Varela writes, referring to the youth: "Tell them that they are the sweet hope of the motherland." For three years, Varela had maintained strong polemics with American Protestant theologians . In those controversies were evident differences between Catholic and Protestant moral. In parallel, received letters of Havana in expressing the challenging situation in the Island That the idea of interaction Letters to Elpidio.
Eusebius wrote letters against more obstacles prefundas who opposed a change in moral wickedness and superstition, but I want to write one against fanaticism, could not concretize ever.
The most important educational work of the philosophical work of Varela, because essentially formed the basis for the teaching of that subject in Cuba and other Latin American countries until 1842, is his Lectures on Philosophy. Varela started in 1818 with a philosophical publications entitled Lesson loose preliminary, aimed at students who began their course that year. The lesson of 1818 is preliminary to the preamble of the Lessons of Philosophy, together with philosophical notes, also published in that year. The latter constitute the first treaty of containing the Lessons of Philosophy. Here appears the concept of Logic Father Varela, understood as a theory of knowledge.
The educational experience of Varela, his former undisputed lineage lead him to defend education budgets that are now proven truths.
The certainty that an idea, a concept, a way of doing or seeing, can not be transmitted successfully without the knowledge of presertor, convinced that it is imposing a criterion or fighting the opposite as you get to get the other think what we want, but rather to turn the speaker, of persuading him to go slowly, that is not only wrong, but that what is proposed is more reasonable and better, Varela was a concept that had then and giving evidence in the Letters to Elpidio.
Varela said that the great secret of managing youth, taking advantage of his talents and good dispositions, is to study the individual character of each youth and arranged by our behavior. The opposition is a young, if we want to produce good effect, must be almost inpersectible and must ensure that it is corrective.
But it is not only defend the truth as they acquire knowledge base. It is also provided by the school management, the tools that allow them to discover the truth for themselves so that, from entirely personal beliefs, can live with them sane.
Teaching Thinking independently and success is the motivation that drives them. It is not the formation of a limited thinking to reduce their own horizons it rests primarily on the ability and the permanence of the condition and the meaning of that famous pedagogue libertad.El devoted his life to education. Legarnos knew his ideas and theories that are part of the illustrious history of the revolutionary educational reality. Dethroned Latin based teaching and the same experience and reason, introduced the explanatory method, practical and recommended induction and analysis, especially in grammar, memorization fought, abuse of the rules, the definitions and books, brilliant ideas expressed on discipline and education of women, and, above all, left us a great example in teaching, which became a cult, and offered the first model of what must be a perfect teacher, illustrated, patient, good, virtuous and patriotic.
Conclusions:
Considered the Father of our culture, Varela led a school of thought, a way of social interaction and attitude towards the homeland that should illuminate, even today, to all Cubans.
To think according to the school of Father Varela is necessary to understand their own thinking and train in their reflection method. All you subdue the ideas, create dependence and handle personal reflection, is foreign to the school of thought of Father Varela, the essence of teaching is learning the difficult art of correct thinking with their own heads. All that fosters personal autonomy, self-esteem, the exercise of critical science, transparency and free expression of the criterion is their own teaching.
Feliz Varela Morales continues to inspire our struggle for a free and independent Cuba, with the radicalism that led him to his death and he harmonized and balanced with kindness and intelligence. Recall that in 1833, when the Spanish crown granted the pardon that would allow him to return to Cuba, rejects it on the grounds that there was nothing to forgive, because its action was constitutional and criminal.
When he had almost lost the vision, and hand tremor prevented writing and playing the violin, continued until the last moment of faith in God and Cuban youth. We are heirs and successors of his legacy, which combine the two planes of Cuban thinker: The philosophy and politics.
Cuban education must revitalize this formative design and make it up to the need of the time, to listen more carefully to the views that come from the tradition, which will shape the future direction of education in the country.
In regard to training, we can not "make the road by walking" Antonio Machado as saying. That would be thinking while acting or undertake educational activities without thinking, that would be worse. The solution is to operate after thinking, which is the most convenient to proceed in order to build our society as we want and train Cuban man living in the XXI century.
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